Touro University Bilingual Education Extension Candidate Kalee Fan’s Instructional Material Critique and Redesign with Infographic Using Gemini and Notebook LM

EDPN 673 Methods and Materials for Teaching English as a Second Language

This course provides a historical overview of second language acquisition theories and teaching methods. Students learn how to apply current approaches, methods and techniques, with attention to the effective use of materials, in teaching English as a second language. Students will engage in the planning and implementation of standards-based ESL instruction which includes differentiated learning experiences geared to students’ needs. Emphasis is placed on creating culturally responsive learning environments. Includes 15 hours of field work.

Instructional Material Critique and Redesign for Multilingual Learners: Integrating AI, WIDA, and New York State Standards

As AI becomes increasingly integrated into educational settings, teacher preparation programs such as Touro University’s GSE face an important challenge: helping aspiring educators use AI productively while preserving the professional judgment at the heart of teaching. The Instructional Material Critique and Redesign for Multilingual Learners: Integrating AI, WIDA, and New York State Standards assignment was designed with this goal in mind.

The assignment requires our TESOL candidates to engage first in the intellectual work that defines effective teaching. They analyze authentic instructional materials using the ESL Textbook Evaluation Checklist, the WIDA PRIME framework, New York State Next Generation Learning Standards, and TESOL research. Candidates identify strengths, limitations, linguistic barriers, and opportunities for instructional improvement. These decisions require disciplinary knowledge, critical analysis, and an understanding of multilingual learner development.

AI enters the process after candidates have completed this professional evaluation. Using Gemini and NotebookLM through the Touro student portal, candidates develop instructional artifacts such as leveled reading passages, vocabulary supports, comic strips, and infographics. The generated materials are not submitted as finished products. Candidates must verify sources, evaluate the quality of the output, revise it for accuracy and appropriateness, and explain how the redesigned material supports multilingual learners. The assignment places responsibility for instructional decision-making with the candidate.

Recent implementation of New York State guidance aligned with the WIDA English Language Development Standards makes this work particularly relevant. Candidates are expected to consider proficiency-level expectations, language features, communication demands, and content-language integration when redesigning instructional materials. The assignment requires them to translate WIDA principles into classroom practice, creating supports that maintain grade-level rigor while improving access for multilingual learners.

NotebookLM contributes an additional dimension of professional learning through its source-grounded design. Candidates are encouraged to build materials from selected curriculum texts, chapters, articles, and instructional resources rather than relying on generalized AI responses. This process strengthens habits of evidence-based practice, source verification, and curriculum alignment that are essential in PK-12 settings.

The project avoids cognitive offshoring and develops skills that candidates will use throughout their careers. Schools increasingly expect educators to evaluate AI-generated content, create multimodal learning resources, adapt materials for diverse student populations, and document standards alignment. Through this assignment, candidates gain experience with each of these responsibilities while maintaining ownership of the pedagogical decisions that shape student learning.

Kalee Fan is an early childhood special education teacher in NYCPS. She is currently pursuing a Bilingual Education Extension to better support multilingual learners and create more equitable learning opportunities for all students. She is passionate about fostering an inclusive classroom where every child feels valued, confident, and empowered to succeed.

Touro University TESOL Candidate Ariana Loyfman’s Curriculum Design Techtool Resource Project


EDDN 635 Curriculum Development and Classroom Management in the Technology Era

This comprehensive course builds upon the foundation of curriculum development and classroom management in the context of teaching English language learners. Expanding its horizons to embrace the digital age, the course adeptly weaves innovative technology integration into the domain of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). Crafted to empower prospective TESOL/BLE educators, the course hones in on fostering competence in designing, implementing, assessing, and reflecting within diverse language learning environments, all while capitalizing on the potentials of cutting-edge technology. With a strong focus on practical application and discerning appraisal of technological tools, this course primes upcoming educators to excel amidst the ever-evolving educational landscape. Includes 10 hours of field work.

The Curriculum Design Techtool resource project for EDDN 635 provides a strong model for meaningful AI integration in teacher education because it requires candidates to produce and document evidence of their decision-making process. Rather than submitting a finished curriculum map alone, candidates must include screenshots, exact prompts, complete AI outputs, links to artifacts, and explanations of how they revised or improved the generated material. These requirements make the candidate’s thinking visible and create accountability for the quality of the final product. The proof-of-work component also supports academic integrity because instructors can see how the candidate interacted with the technology, what recommendations the AI generated, and which professional decisions the candidate made independently. In curriculum design, where standards alignment and language progression are essential, this transparency is particularly valuable because it allows both the process and the product to be evaluated.

The Curriculum Design Techtool resource project also cultivates AI literacy as a professional competency for future educators. Teachers entering today’s schools will encounter AI-supported planning, assessment, and instructional tools, making it important to develop habits of verification, revision, and critical analysis. Candidates are required to check AI-generated standards against NYSED documents, evaluate whether language functions align with content objectives, and explain modifications they make to AI-produced drafts. The expectation that students submit the original prompt, the complete output, and evidence of revision reinforces the understanding that expertise remains with the educator. AI contributes suggestions and organizational support, while the candidate applies pedagogical knowledge, curriculum expertise, and professional judgment to determine what is accurate, appropriate, and instructionally sound. Through this documented process, Touro University candidates learn to use AI responsibly, valuing transparency, accountability, and informed decision-making over simple content generation.

Ariana Loyfman is a New York City public school teacher and a graduate student pursuing a degree in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) at Touro University. As an educator, she is committed to giving students a strong educational foundation while creating a supportive, inclusive learning environment where all learners feel confident, motivated, and valued for who they are.

She is dedicated to inspiring a lifelong love of learning in her students and helping them recognize and build upon their individual strengths. Through meaningful instruction and encouragement, she supports students in developing the confidence to navigate challenges, pursue their goals, and use their unique talents and interests to achieve personal and academic success.

Touro University TESOL Candidate Edona Kajoshi’s Curriculum Design Techtool Resource Project

EDDN 635 Curriculum Development and Classroom Management in the Technology Era

This comprehensive course builds upon the foundation of curriculum development and classroom management in the context of teaching English language learners. Expanding its horizons to embrace the digital age, the course adeptly weaves innovative technology integration into the domain of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). Crafted to empower prospective TESOL/BLE educators, the course hones in on fostering competence in designing, implementing, assessing, and reflecting within diverse language learning environments, all while capitalizing on the potentials of cutting-edge technology. With a strong focus on practical application and discerning appraisal of technological tools, this course primes upcoming educators to excel amidst the ever-evolving educational landscape. Includes 10 hours of field work.

The Curriculum Design Techtool resource project for EDDN 635 provides a strong model for meaningful AI integration in teacher education because it requires candidates to produce and document evidence of their decision-making process. Rather than submitting a finished curriculum map alone, candidates must include screenshots, exact prompts, complete AI outputs, links to artifacts, and explanations of how they revised or improved the generated material. These requirements make the candidate’s thinking visible and create accountability for the quality of the final product. The proof-of-work component also supports academic integrity because instructors can see how the candidate interacted with the technology, what recommendations the AI generated, and which professional decisions the candidate made independently. In curriculum design, where standards alignment and language progression are essential, this transparency is particularly valuable because it allows both the process and the product to be evaluated.

The Curriculum Design Techtool resource project also cultivates AI literacy as a professional competency for future educators. Teachers entering today’s schools will encounter AI-supported planning, assessment, and instructional tools, making it important to develop habits of verification, revision, and critical analysis. Candidates are required to check AI-generated standards against NYSED documents, evaluate whether language functions align with content objectives, and explain modifications they make to AI-produced drafts. The expectation that students submit the original prompt, the complete output, and evidence of revision reinforces the understanding that expertise remains with the educator. AI contributes suggestions and organizational support, while the candidate applies pedagogical knowledge, curriculum expertise, and professional judgment to determine what is accurate, appropriate, and instructionally sound. Through this documented process, Touro University candidates learn responsible AI use that values transparency, accountability, and informed decision-making rather than simple content generation.

Edona Kajoshi is currently in her final semester at Touro University as a Masters Degree Candidate in TESOL program. She works at a preschool in Manhattan, where she teaches a 3K class. Over the years, she has gained extensive experience working with children ranging from infancy to kindergarten age. She is passionate about early childhood education and hopes to become a first- or second-grade teacher in the future.

This is the third class I have taken with Professor Cowin! In each class, I have learned things that I can use in my classroom to best support my students, especially my English language learners! This semester this class has taught me how to support the students’ needs. It also gave me a deeper insight on how I can add technology into my classroom despite not always having the technology materials other schools may have!

Edona Kajoshi, TESOL Candidate at Touro University, GSE

Published – Editorial: Artificial intelligence in educational and business ecosystems: Convergent perspectives on agency, ethics, and transformation in Frontiers in Education

Dacey, C. M., Cowin, J., & de los Reyes, J. (2026). Editorial: Artificial intelligence in educational and business ecosystems: Convergent perspectives on agency, ethics, and transformation. Frontiers in Education, 11, Article 1780854. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1780854

The contributions curated in this Research Topic resist the techno-solutionist narrative that frames AI as a neutral efficiency tool requiring only proper deployment. Instead, they capture tensions between automation and augmentation, between administrative rationalization and pedagogical transformation, and between predictive precision and educational equity. These tensions operate simultaneously across institutional, instructional, and individual levels, calling for analytical frameworks that draw on computer science, learning sciences, ethics, policy studies, and critical pedagogy. The authors invite readers to continue building collaborative and integrative approaches that match the scale and complexity of AI’s global impact. We can benefit from reconsidering our teaching methods and comparing the ethical challenges of AI in business education, as well as how AI can be effectively incorporated to help prepare workforce-ready graduates. The effects of using artificial intelligence in education are just beginning to be measured, and its use will likely have ripple effects for years to come (Dacey et al., 2023). As we look toward the horizon, we see the need for more flexible, decentralized, and inclusive governance and educational structures, much like a forest of diverse species adapting to changing conditions within a vibrant ecosystem (Dacey et al., 2025, p. 70). Throughout the production process of this Research Topic, we remained mindful that “companies like OpenAI stand at the forefront, pushing the boundaries of what generative pre-trained transformers or ‘GPTs’ can achieve. However, beneath this veneer of progress lies a complex web of epistemological and pedagogical quandaries that question the very foundation of AI’s trajectory in education” (Cowin, 2024). We invite continued dialogue on these fundamental questions as the field evolves. Author contributions CD: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing– original draft, Writing– review & editing. JC: Writing– original draft, Writing– review & editing. JdlR: Writing– review & editing. Conflict of interest The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Cowin, J. (2024). AI’s Potemkin Vision: The Seduction of Educational TechnoSolutionism. Available online at: https://stankevicius.co/artificial-intelligence/aispotemkin-vision-the-seduction-of-educational-techno-solutionism/ (Accessed January 30, 2026).

Cowin, J. (2025). Live From Paris: UNESCO’s Digital Learning Week 2025. Stankevicius. Available online at: https://stankevicius.co/artificial-intelligence/livefrom-paris-unescos-digital-learning-week-2025/ (Accessed January 30, 2026).

Dacey, C. (2022). Examining ethical tensions and the pursuit of care through an invitational lens. J. Invit. Theory Pract. 28, 5–30. doi: 10.26522/jitp.v28i.4208

Touro University TESOL Candidate Aliyah Giana Martinez’s Science of Reading Work in EDDN 637

Why EDDN 637 Now Integrates the Science of Reading

Jasmin Cowin, Associate Professor, Touro University, GRE, TESOL/BLE Department | Path Forward Grant | PI: Dr. Seong Kim

New York is moving evidence-based literacy from professional judgment into regulatory expectation. Education Law §818 requires an annual review of district curriculum and instructional practices in reading for prekindergarten through grade three, with attestation to the Commissioner. In December 2024 the Board of Regents amended Section 100.3 of the Commissioner’s Regulations, and districts verified alignment by September 1, 2025. In July 2026 the Department introduced a proposed amendment of Sections 52.21 and 80-3.7 at the Board of Regents meeting. Teacher preparation programs in early childhood education, bilingual education, English language learners, literacy, and students with disabilities would be required to align their instruction with the State’s science of reading framework. Candidates would devote a portion of field experience and student teaching to evidence-based literacy instruction and to assessing students with reading challenges. A public comment period is underway and Board approval is anticipated in November.

Sources: NYSED, Elementary Requirements (Section 100.3): districts shall verify alignment of prekindergarten through grade three reading curriculum and instructional practices with the Commissioner’s instructional best practices on or before September 1, 2025, pursuant to Education Law §818 
New York State Education Department
NYSED, Prekindergarten-3rd Grade Literacy Instructional Best Practices Guide (§818 attestation)
WXXI News, December 17, 2024: Board of Regents approval of the pre-K through grade three reading amendment
Chalkbeat New York, July 20, 2026: proposed amendment of Sections 52.21 and 80-3.7 (https://lnkd.in/e3Pg9dQM)

EDDN 637 Second Language Learners and the Content Areas

EDDN 637 – TESOL/BLE Department at Touro University responded through the Path Forward Grant with a module-by-module revision that preserves the SIOP architecture of the original Spring 2026 course while embedding reading research at each component. Module 1 opens with a mandatory Science of Reading survey establishing candidates’ baseline knowledge, which informs Lesson Preparation. Modules 2 and 4 add structured literacy to content and language objectives and to Comprehensible Input. Module 3 foregrounds oral language development and pathways to skilled reading under Building Background. Module 7 introduces phoneme segmentation, blending, and structured literacy assessment within Practice and Application. Module 9 adds Scarborough’s Reading Rope, ReadWorks resources, and a Diagnostic Decoding Survey so candidates can determine whether a reading difficulty originates in decoding, vocabulary, fluency, or language comprehension.

The alignment is deliberate since SIOP offers a framework for making content and academic language accessible, while the Science of Reading (SoR) explains the cognitive architecture that makes reading possible. Module 10 helps candidates distinguish second language acquisition needs from reading difficulties and disability-related needs, Module 11 introduces tiered instruction and infographic reflection, and Module 12 closes with a research reflection on skilled reading pathways. Candidates leave EDDN 637 prepared to plan, assess, and intervene using evidence, which is what New York now expects of them.

Conclusion via Candidate Evidence

Candidate work supplies the clearest measure of whether integration reached practice. In Discussion Board 5, Touro University TESOL Candidate Aliyah Giana Martinez in exemplary analysis of an informational text on trees built content and language objectives around the Big 6 components, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. She identified brick words carrying the domain-specific load of the text, including roots, trunk, branches, bark, crown, leaves, sap, stomata, flowers, and seeds, together with mortar words such as alive, grow, anchor, support, protect, and instead. The observation driving the plan was that brick words appear rarely outside scientific contexts, while mortar words surface across many contexts with shifting meaning, so both categories require explicit instruction before students encounter the text. Her differentiation plan drew on sentence frames, total physical response, shades of meaning, picture and audio support, and structured partner and whole-class discussion. Drawing on Herr’s The Sourcebook for Teaching Science, she designed labeled diagrams, comparison organizers connecting tree survival to human survival, a cumulative word wall, and a hands-on construction paper tree.

That construction paper tree is the realia outcome the course intends. Aliyah Giana Martinez moved from explicit vocabulary work toward comprehension of the text, then produced a tangible artifact that makes literacy learning visible and assessable. That construction paper tree is the realia outcome the course intends. Moving from explicit vocabulary work toward comprehension of the text, then producing a tangible artifact that makes literacy learning visible and assessable. The same theoretical learning carried into the fieldwork strands housed in Modules 10 and 11. Reporting from a placement classroom, a candidate documented lessons in which students reread familiar texts, read aloud individually, answered comprehension questions, discussed characters and events, and worked through new texts with teacher support. Her analysis was that word level skills and meaningful reading were being taught in connection with one another, so decoding work and comprehension work occupied the same instructional space. Ms. Martinez mapped these observations onto the SoR Pathways to Skilled Reading infographic introduced in Module 3, noting that skilled reading depends on word recognition together with language comprehension, and that students require explicit instruction in phonemic awareness, phonics, decoding, spelling, morphology, vocabulary, background knowledge, syntax, and comprehension. Locating each observed activity within that framework allowed her to read a single lesson as a set of identifiable components working together. Integration at the course level yielded observation, analysis, and application at the classroom level.

Aliyah Giana Martinez is of Chilean and Greek descent. She loves to travel, cook, and spend time outside going on adventures with her family and friends. She is a newly hired teacher who strives to support her students while learning from her colleagues in order to grow into the best educator she can be.

I am proud to feature her exemplary work in my blog!

Slideshow DB 9: Diagnostic Decoding Assessment and Its Relationship to Reading Instruction

Touro University Advanced Certificate in Teaching English Candidate Yeimy Alvarado’s Fieldwork Observations

Purpose and Importance of the Fieldwork

The Touro University TESOL EDDN 637 fieldwork experience is an essential component of TESOL preparation because it requires candidates to connect course theory with authentic instructional practice. Through focused observations, candidates examine how teachers support multilingual learners through comprehensible input, academic language development, differentiation, culturally responsive practices, technology, SIOP, and Science of Reading strategies. Rather than simply identifying instructional techniques, candidates must analyze how and why particular practices support, or fail to support, the linguistic, literacy, and academic development of multilingual learners.

This fieldwork also aligns with AAQEP expectations for high-quality educator preparation. AAQEP emphasizes candidate knowledge and skills, professional growth, responsiveness to diverse learners, evidence-based decision-making, and meaningful clinical experiences. The EDDN 637 fieldwork provides candidates with opportunities to demonstrate these expectations by observing instruction, documenting evidence, analyzing teacher and student interactions, and connecting observations to professional standards and course scholarship. The assignment therefore serves as more than a required number of field hours. It provides evidence that candidates can apply professional knowledge to the complex realities of TESOL practice.

Fieldwork as an AI-Resistant Assignment

This fieldwork is intentionally designed to require sustained, authentic engagement that cannot be replaced by AI. AI may assist with editing or organization, but it cannot complete the observation experience for the candidate. Candidates must closely examine actual teaching, maintain detailed field logs, document specific instructional events, include transcripts, and connect particular moments from lessons to SIOP, Science of Reading principles, course readings, and the needs of multilingual learners. Successful completion therefore depends on the candidate’s own observation, interpretation, and professional judgment.

The assignment also emphasizes the higher levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy. Candidates move beyond remembering and understanding course concepts to applying them to real instructional situations, analyzing relationships among teaching practices and student responses, and evaluating the effectiveness of instruction for multilingual learners. Candidates also engage in creating as they synthesize observations, transcripts, course scholarship, and professional reflection into a coherent analysis and propose ways instruction could be strengthened. In this way, the fieldwork assesses not only what our Touro University TESOL candidates know, but how effectively they can think, reason, and make evidence-based professional decisions.

Yeimy Alvarado is a graduate student at Touro University completing an Advanced Certificate in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). She is passionate about literacy and finding ways to support all students through effective and meaningful teaching practices. The summer 2026 semester at Touro has helped her to see the importance of the SIOP model and the Science of Reading and how she can use both to create a classroom where every student feels included, supported, and confident in their ability to learn and grow.

Touro University M.S. in TESOL Program Candidate Angelina Libardi’s Technology Integration for Multilingual Learners in Elementary Classrooms EDDN 635

EDDN 635 Curriculum Development and Classroom Management in the Technology Era

This comprehensive course builds upon the foundation of curriculum development and classroom management in the context of teaching English language learners. Expanding its horizons to embrace the digital age, the course adeptly weaves innovative technology integration into the domain of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). Crafted to empower prospective TESOL/BLE educators, the course hones in on fostering competence in designing, implementing, assessing, and reflecting within diverse language learning environments, all while capitalizing on the potentials of cutting-edge technology. With a strong focus on practical application and discerning appraisal of technological tools, this course primes upcoming educators to excel amidst the ever-evolving educational landscape. Includes 10 hours of field work.

Angelina Libardi is a special education teacher in the Central Islip School District and a graduate student in the M.S. in TESOL program at Touro University. She is passionate about creating inclusive, engaging learning environments that support multilingual learners and students with diverse learning needs. Through her graduate studies, she has strengthened her commitment to culturally responsive teaching and lifelong professional growth.

M.S. Candidate, TESOL, Touro University Jacqueline Shaffer’s Curriculum Mapping for English Language Learners EDDN 635

This Curriculum Mapping for English Language Learners assignment is an important anchor for the Touro University TESOL Development and Classroom Management in the Technology Era – EDDN 635 curriculum course because it moves candidates beyond simply identifying standards toward critically examining how curriculum decisions affect multilingual learners’ access, participation, and academic achievement. By using and populating a curriculum map template, candidates learn to evaluate alignment among standards, learning objectives, instructional strategies, assessments, academic language demands, and appropriate scaffolds. The reflection process also requires candidates to justify what they retained, revised, or added after verifying AI-generated suggestions against NYSED standards, district documents, and established ESOL practices.

Working with the Touro University approved Microsoft Copilot AI provides an added professional benefit by helping candidates harness artificial intelligence for practical curriculum work. Candidates use carefully designed prompts to organize alignment checks, identify possible gaps, generate initial evidence statements, and consider accommodations for multilingual learners. However, they must also evaluate, verify, and revise Copilot’s output rather than accepting it uncritically. This process develops AI literacy alongside curriculum-design expertise and prepares candidates to use emerging technologies responsibly, efficiently, and thoughtfully in educational settings.

Jacqueline Shaffer is a 34‑year‑old educator with eleven years of teaching experience. She currently teaches middle school Spanish in Brooklyn. Jacqueline is dedicated to supporting diverse learners and creating an engaging, culturally responsive classroom environment.  

Touro University TESOL Candidate Kalee Fan’s Instructional Method Assignment together with Copilot – Teaching a Mini-Lesson to MLLs for EDPN 673

Teaching the Teachers of 2060: The Embodied Method Simulation

Since the arrival of Large Language Models (LLMs) I experimented and worked on designing what I consider AI-proof assignments: tasks where candidates must demonstrate their understanding of theory through practical application, which no chatbot can do for them. The Embodied Method Simulation is a prime example. Each Touro University TESOL course participant selects a single language teaching method from our course readings, such as Total Physical Response, Suggestopedia, the Silent Way, or Communicative Language Teaching, and performs it in its pure, original form. In a 6 to 7-minute video, they teach an imaginary group of multilingual learners as if the class were real: on camera, in a physical space, surrounded by realia, using their voice, gestures, and movement to bring a method’s theory to life.

The assignment asks for an embodied demonstration of pedagogy. Candidates show how a method actually works when they stand in a room with (imaginary) learners, handling materials, and moving through space. Theory earns its value there, in the moment of embodied instruction.

Why Copilot?

Alongside the performance, candidates co-create their teaching scripts with the Touro-approved Microsoft Copilot. Beginning with a person-centered, spatially grounded prompt, they engage in an iterative dialogue with AI, refining teacher talk, rehearsing simulated learner responses, and interrogating how their bodies and materials express the method’s principles. They then write a reflection analyzing what they accepted, adapted, or rejected from the AI’s suggestions.

Why build AI into an AI-proof assignment? Because the educators we certify today will still be teaching in 2060. They will spend their entire careers alongside artificial intelligence, and the essential career skill is directing these tools with professional judgment. When a candidate pushes back on Copilot’s suggestion because it violates the logic of TPR, or expands an AI-generated dialogue to better serve a newcomer learner, they are practicing exactly that skill: keeping the human teacher at the center while using AI as a thinking partner.

Kalee Fan is an early childhood special education teacher in a NYCPS. She is currently pursuing a Bilingual Education Extension to better support multilingual learners and create more equitable learning opportunities for all students. She is passionate about fostering an inclusive classroom where every child feels valued, confident, and empowered to succeed.

Quote about the Science of Reading:

“One of my biggest takeaways from studying the Science of Reading is that strong literacy instruction is both evidence-based and responsive to students’ individual needs. It has reinforced the importance of intentionally developing oral language alongside foundational reading skills so that multilingual learners can thrive academically.” Kalee Fan, Touro University TESOL Candidate

Part 1: Simulated Teaching Video

Part 2: Supporting Materials

I used a few materials to support my mini-lesson recording

A Chair:


Cat Plushies:


Vocabulary Cards:


Sentence frame:


Part 3: Written Analysis and Copilot Co-Creation Reflection

Method Analysis

As an early childhood educator, I selected Total Physical Response (TPR) for my mini lesson because it aligns with the developmental needs of my kindergarten ENL students, who benefit from movement, hands-on experiences, and concrete language instruction. Developed by James Asher in the 1970s, TPR is based on the idea that language learning should resemble first language acquisition, in which children listen and respond physically long before they are expected to speak. The method creates a low-stress learning environment where learners develop comprehension through listening and movement. In a TPR classroom, the teacher gives commands and models actions while students demonstrate understanding through physical responses. The main principles of TPR include listening comprehension, physical movement, repetition, and delayed speech production. By connecting language to actions and engaging visual, auditory, and kinesthetic senses, learners gradually build understanding and confidence before producing language independently (Helbling English, n.d.).

TPR has several strengths. It lowers learners’ anxiety, increases engagement, and makes language comprehensible through concrete actions and real objects. These characteristics make it particularly effective for beginning English learners and young children (Cowin, n.d.). However, TPR also has limitations. As learners become more proficient, the method becomes less distinctive because advanced language functions and abstract concepts cannot always be represented through physical actions. In addition, reading and writing activities are often limited extensions of the oral activities in the classroom (Cowin, n.d.).

I selected TPR for my mini lesson on positional words as this topic is part of my school’s kindergarten math curriculum and provides a meaningful opportunity to connect language learning with content instruction. Positional words can be abstract for young English learners, but using TPR allows students to visualize and understand these concepts through physical movement and hands-on experiences. TPR emphasizes connecting language with actions and providing opportunities for learners to develop comprehension before producing language (Celce-Murcia et al., 2014). In my lesson, students first demonstrated their understanding by moving their bodies and a toy cat to different positions around a chair. After students had multiple opportunities to practice through physical responses, I incorporated a sentence frame, “The cat is _____ the chair,” to support oral language production. I selected a chair, cat plushies, vocabulary cards, and a sentence frame since these materials are concrete, visually accessible, and easy for young learners to manipulate. This lesson reflects the core principles of TPR by using repeated actions, multisensory experiences, and gradual language production to build students’ confidence and create an engaging, low-anxiety learning environment (Helbling English, n.d.).

Copilot Co-Creation Reflection 

Before I began recording my videotaped mini lesson, I entered my initial prompt into Copilot to refine the structure and delivery of a six‑minute Total Physical Response lesson designed for Kindergarten ENL learners in a 12:1:1 bilingual special education setting. My prompt described the instructional context, the linguistic profiles of the students, and my goal of teaching spatial vocabulary using realia such as a chair and a cat plushie. Copilot generated a first draft that offered a clear introduction, a well‑sequenced modeling phase for positional vocabulary, and a strong closing routine. This initial script aligned closely with my own vision, and it helped me see how my ideas could be organized into a coherent, embodied lesson that foregrounded movement, gesture, and predictable routines. The process of reviewing this draft made me more aware of how intentional teacher talk and physical demonstration work together to support comprehension for Entering and Emerging learners.

As I continued refining the lesson, I entered a second prompt asking how to shift the rapid TPR practice from simple mimicry to a more hands‑on, high‑engagement activity. I asked whether providing each student with a miniature cat plushie and toy chair would be appropriate and how to transition them smoothly into this active phase. Copilot responded with a detailed one‑minute transition script that emphasized slow pacing, clear gestures, and explicit modeling of how students should manipulate their objects. This suggestion helped me clarify my embodied role in the method. I realized that TPR is not only about demonstrating vocabulary with my own body but also about orchestrating students’ physical responses in ways that reduce cognitive load and increase autonomy. I adapted Copilot’s script by simplifying some of the language and adjusting the pacing to fit the realities of a rug‑seated Kindergarten group. I kept the core idea of using manipulatives because it aligned with my professional judgment about sensory engagement and accessibility for multilingual learners.

My next prompt focused on the Checking for Understanding phase, where I planned to introduce the sentence starter “The cat is ___ the chair” to support expressive language production. I asked Copilot whether this was appropriate for students at Entering and Emerging proficiency levels and how to introduce the sentence frame smoothly within the TPR method. Copilot affirmed the approach and provided a scaffolded routine that paired each chunk of the sentence with a gesture, ensuring that the language remained grounded in physical action. This helped me better understand how my embodied role could support early expressive language without overwhelming students. I adjusted the script by reducing the verbal load even further and by ensuring that students demonstrated comprehension physically before attempting any spoken output. This adaptation reflected my professional judgment about developmental readiness and the importance of maintaining TPR principles even when introducing language frames.

Finally, I asked Copilot about an assessment idea involving vocabulary cards that students would place into the blank space of the sentence starter. I wanted to know whether this was feasible within the six‑to‑seven‑minute time limit and appropriate for a 12:1:1 Kindergarten group. Copilot explained that the idea could work only in a highly simplified form and recommended a tighter, more TPR‑aligned alternative that removed unnecessary cognitive steps. This feedback prompted me to reconsider the assessment entirely. I rejected the original card‑search idea because it introduced too many demands for this age group and time frame. Instead, I adopted the “Touch and Tell” approach, where students physically position their mini cat and chair and then echo the sentence starter. This alternative preserved the embodied nature of TPR, respected the developmental needs of my learners, and fit smoothly within the lesson’s pacing.

Through this process, I learned how valuable it is to refine instructional decisions through cycles of questioning, reflection, and revision. Copilot helped me clarify the embodied dimensions of TPR, especially the ways teacher movement, gesture clarity, and pacing shape multilingual learners’ access to meaning. At the same time, I exercised professional judgment by adapting suggestions to fit the specific needs of my classroom, rejecting ideas that were too complex, and expanding others to strengthen linguistic accessibility. This experience reinforced the importance of designing lessons that are intentional, responsive, and grounded in both pedagogical theory and the lived realities of young ENL learners.

References:

Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. M., & Snow, M. A. (Eds.). (2014). Teaching English as a second or foreign language (4th ed.). Heinle ELT.

Cowin, J. B. (n.d.). Methods and techniques in teaching ENL: Total Physical Response.

Helbling English. (n.d.). Total Physical Response [Video]. YouTube.

Microsoft Copilot. (2026). Responses generated for lesson‑planning refinement. Microsoft. https://copilot.microsoft.com

Bilingual Certification Extension for Pupil Personnel Services Candidate Dr. Raphael Reichel’s אַ ייִדישע בראָשור פֿאַר עלטערן וועגן דער אָפּשאַצונג פֿון תּלמידים

The Professional PPS Resource for Parents assignment is important because it requires candidates to translate their specialized knowledge into clear, practical, and culturally responsive guidance for bilingual families. Rather than demonstrating competence only through case reports, evaluations, or reflective essays, candidates must consider how parents understand school procedures, student needs, available services, and their own rights and responsibilities. Creating the brochure bilingually also reinforces that equitable family engagement depends on meaningful language access, not simply the translation of isolated information.

The assignment directly supports the goals of PSGN 698 Field Experiences in Bilingual Pupil Personnel Services by connecting professional experience with consultation, advocacy, and community communication. It demonstrates whether candidates can identify barriers faced by bilingual students and families, select relevant information, and present it in an accessible format that parents can use when making decisions or collaborating with school personnel. The brochure therefore becomes both evidence of professional growth and a usable resource that can strengthen trust, participation, and culturally responsive service delivery.

PSGN 698 Field Experiences in Bilingual Pupil Personnel Services

Course Description
Since students in the program are certified professionals, their work experience (no less than one academic year) will be considered as fulfillment of the field experience requirement, along with attendance at three field experience seminars and submission of a portfolio which synthesizes their experience and understanding of effective services for bilingual population. The portfolio will include: samples of professional work with bilingual students, including case histories, evaluation reports, progress notes, and IEPs; a written essay presenting the student’s professional philosophy, a discussion of issues involved in providing bilingual services in the New York area, and a description of the student’s professional growth in the Bilingual Advanced Certificate Program.

Bilingual Education – Pupil Personnel (Certificate), Touro University Graduate School of Education – Online Length of Program 12 credits
Student teaching is in New York State. You’ll need access to a school with a bilingual population and a mentor PPS who is certified in bilingual education in order to complete the field experience course

Dr. Raphael Reichel is a New York State Certified School Psychologist. His professional interests include psychoeducational assessment, PBIS, bilingual service delivery, and improving educational outcomes for students with extensive support needs. He enjoys translating research into practical strategies that educators, school psychologists, and families can apply in everyday practice.